Exploring Ethnomathematics in the Maldives: Counting and Measuring
Author(s)
Title
Exploring Ethnomathematics in the Maldives: Counting and Measuring
Publication Type
Language
eng
Location
Maldives
Keywords
Ethnomathematics
Culture
Maldives
Measuring
Counting
Relevance to ICH Safeguarding
Description
The study delves into the role of ethnomathematics in the Maldives, examining how traditional practices are intertwined with mathematical concepts, especially in counting and measuring. It highlights the Maldives' rich cultural tapestry, shaped by influences from Arabia, South Asia, and later Western colonial powers, and how these have left an indelible mark on its mathematical traditions. Conducted over 12 weeks, the research employed a qualitative methodology, including interviews, discussions, and document analysis, with a wide range of participants such as fishermen, boat builders, historians, and educators.
Key Findings:
- Counting in Maldivian Culture:
The Maldivian traditional counting system utilizes a duodecimal (base-12) format, distinguishing it from the more common decimal system. This system is evident in ancient monetary practices, where, for example, 12,000 cowries represented specific trade values. Such practices were likely introduced through trade interactions with Persian or Arab merchants. This counting method, while less prevalent today, continues to be used among older generations, preserving a link to the Maldives' seafaring and trading heritage.
- Measuring Practices:
Traditional measurement methods are predominantly body-based, tailored to local needs and environments. Examples include Kaivaiy (handspan) for measuring length and Riyan (shoulder length) for fabric and construction. In addition to these, tools like coconut shells were utilized for measuring volume, while standardized lengths of rope facilitated coir rope production. These methods, rooted in practicality, gradually evolved with Western influence, leading to the adoption of imperial and SI units in formal systems.
Applications of Mathematics in Cultural Contexts:
- Fishing: Mathematics played a crucial role in traditional profit-sharing among fishing crews. Precise calculations of fish size and weight ensured equitable distribution of earnings, highlighting the practical importance of mathematical accuracy.
- Household Budgeting: Women traditionally handled household finances, using mental arithmetic to manage expenses effectively. This informal yet sophisticated application demonstrates everyday mathematical engagement.
- Agriculture: The use of tallying systems like Thahjehun (marking coconut and breadfruit trees) was vital for managing resources and taxation, blending mathematical techniques with agricultural practices.
- Calendrical Systems: The Maldivian reliance on five distinct calendars — including the Gregorian, Hijri, and Nakaiy calendars (illustrates the integration of astronomical knowledge into daily life). This was especially crucial for navigation and farming, where timing was paramount.
- Educational Implications:
The study strongly advocates for the inclusion of ethnomathematical concepts in educational curricula. By integrating these cultural practices, educators can provide students with a relatable context for learning mathematics. Such an approach not only preserves traditional knowledge but also enriches students' understanding of mathematics as a universal and adaptable discipline.
Conclusion:
The findings highlight that mathematics is deeply embedded in cultural practices and extends far beyond its conventional, Western-dominated framework. The Maldivian traditions of counting and measuring exemplify this cultural richness, showcasing the adaptability of mathematical concepts to local contexts. Preserving these practices and embedding them in education can bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern academic frameworks, ensuring that mathematics remains a living, evolving part of Maldivian culture.
Key Findings:
- Counting in Maldivian Culture:
The Maldivian traditional counting system utilizes a duodecimal (base-12) format, distinguishing it from the more common decimal system. This system is evident in ancient monetary practices, where, for example, 12,000 cowries represented specific trade values. Such practices were likely introduced through trade interactions with Persian or Arab merchants. This counting method, while less prevalent today, continues to be used among older generations, preserving a link to the Maldives' seafaring and trading heritage.
- Measuring Practices:
Traditional measurement methods are predominantly body-based, tailored to local needs and environments. Examples include Kaivaiy (handspan) for measuring length and Riyan (shoulder length) for fabric and construction. In addition to these, tools like coconut shells were utilized for measuring volume, while standardized lengths of rope facilitated coir rope production. These methods, rooted in practicality, gradually evolved with Western influence, leading to the adoption of imperial and SI units in formal systems.
Applications of Mathematics in Cultural Contexts:
- Fishing: Mathematics played a crucial role in traditional profit-sharing among fishing crews. Precise calculations of fish size and weight ensured equitable distribution of earnings, highlighting the practical importance of mathematical accuracy.
- Household Budgeting: Women traditionally handled household finances, using mental arithmetic to manage expenses effectively. This informal yet sophisticated application demonstrates everyday mathematical engagement.
- Agriculture: The use of tallying systems like Thahjehun (marking coconut and breadfruit trees) was vital for managing resources and taxation, blending mathematical techniques with agricultural practices.
- Calendrical Systems: The Maldivian reliance on five distinct calendars — including the Gregorian, Hijri, and Nakaiy calendars (illustrates the integration of astronomical knowledge into daily life). This was especially crucial for navigation and farming, where timing was paramount.
- Educational Implications:
The study strongly advocates for the inclusion of ethnomathematical concepts in educational curricula. By integrating these cultural practices, educators can provide students with a relatable context for learning mathematics. Such an approach not only preserves traditional knowledge but also enriches students' understanding of mathematics as a universal and adaptable discipline.
Conclusion:
The findings highlight that mathematics is deeply embedded in cultural practices and extends far beyond its conventional, Western-dominated framework. The Maldivian traditions of counting and measuring exemplify this cultural richness, showcasing the adaptability of mathematical concepts to local contexts. Preserving these practices and embedding them in education can bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern academic frameworks, ensuring that mathematics remains a living, evolving part of Maldivian culture.
Publisher
The Maldives National Journal of Research
Place of Publication
Male', Maldives
Date of Publication
2020
Academic Field
Ethnomathematics
Cultural studies
Community/Ethnic Group
Maldivians
Contributor
Active Contribution
Maldives, FY 2024